Research
Every study is recorded with its species, design, result and limitations. The link goes to the primary source, not to a summary of ours.
Pools several studies statistically. It can estimate an effect more precisely, but it inherits the weaknesses of the studies it includes.
HOHorse
Eleven primary studies yielded a pooled detection rate for affected animals of 0.72 and a rate of correctly classified healthy animals of 0.88; the authors recommend the basal value as a confirmatory test where the probability before testing is high, expressly not as screening and not in horses without clinical signs.
HOHorse
From 21 incidence studies and 65 risk factor studies comes a pooled frequency of 1.17 catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries per 1,000 starts in flat racing, with age, race class, going, previous injury and pre-race examination findings as consistently associated factors.
HOHorse
Across 21 studies with 458 horses, survival was 90 per cent, return to intended use 65 per cent and wound infection 12 per cent; the authors call the procedure safe but consider usability in need of improvement, particularly after fractures.
HUHuman
Across 53 studies with 4,489 adults, early weight bearing after surgically treated ankle fracture probably improved function slightly over the first six months without raising the number of further procedures, the difference remaining small and blinding having been impossible in every study.
Searches the literature by a method fixed in advance. It shows reliably what exists, and just as reliably what is missing.
HOHorse
With mean detection of affected animals at 75.5 per cent and a mean rate of correctly classified healthy animals of 95.2 per cent, the basal value rules the disease out better than it rules it in; the authors declined a meta-analysis because of the bias found and the strong differences between studies.
HOHorse
Across 29 included publications the most robust frequency estimates are 21.2 per cent in equids aged fifteen and over and 2.9 per cent in the overall population, and the only established risk factor remains advancing age, while statements on breed and sex remain contradictory.
MUMultiple species
Across 123 papers in horse and human, favourable results for platelet-rich plasma occurred mostly in studies at high risk of bias, whereas absent effects were more common in methodologically better studies.
HOHorse
Across 85 studies with 2,101 horses the digital flexor tendon sheath was most often affected, and the probability of returning to the previous level of performance was around 50 per cent for most structures.
Allocates by chance. It is the only design that can separate a cause from a mere co-occurrence.
HOHorse
In sixteen healthy horses the basal value reached 57.7 in October against 13.2 pg/ml in March, and older animals on starch-rich feed reached 60.0 against 15.7 pg/ml in similarly fed younger ones: the authors treat feeding as a possible confounder able to lead to wrongly classifying a horse as affected.
HOHorse
In a randomised experiment with nine Standardbreds, frequent load cycling and thirty minutes of walking improved measures of lamellar perfusion, whereas an hour of one-sided standing and sedation changed nothing measurable.
HOHorse
In the same model of an enforced offloading posture, inflammatory signalling in the lamellar tissue of the loaded limb was raised; the authors treat these pathways as possibly important, in the conditional, and rank them neither above nor below reduced perfusion as a cause.
HUHuman
In 58 people with chronic Achilles tendinopathy, eccentric training and heavy slow resistance training improved function and pain equally and durably out to 52 weeks, with no difference between the approaches.
Compares against a control group without randomisation. The comparison stays open to systematic differences between groups.
HOHorse
In the model of an enforced offloading posture the observed foreleg carried a median of 38.7 instead of 27.3 per cent of body weight, and signs of oxygen shortage in the lamellar tissue rose only there: the authors read the reduced perfusion as a consequence of the raised mechanical load.
HOHorse
Restricted freedom of movement without any added load already led to cell death in the lamellar tissue (45 against 4 per lamella), which is why the authors name preserving movement, and not load reduction alone, as a possible protective strategy.
HOHorse
In a crossover comparison in nine evaluable horses, clinical signs and inflammation improved on both forages with no statistical difference between them, while the fall in airway resistance was more pronounced and more sustained on alfalfa pellets than on steamed hay.
HOHorse
Over four weeks, steamed hay prevented neither the rise in airway resistance nor that in the neutrophils, and in this it did not differ from dry hay.
Follows a group over time. It shows associations, never a cause: the decisive difference often sits outside what was measured.
HOHorse
In 80 clinically healthy horses under twelve years old with monthly sampling over a year, the upper reference limits were 21.4 pg/ml in early summer, 60.6 in autumn and 22.3 in winter: the shape of the annual rhythm matches that seen elsewhere, the height of the limits is specific to place and laboratory.
HOHorse
In 81 clinically unremarkable horses at two sites, with monthly sampling over twelve months, the rise is not confined to the autumn months but is linked to the change in photoperiod; the upper limits differed markedly between Perth and Townsville and must be determined site by site.
HOHorse
In 201 apparently healthy horses at nine sites, animals over fifteen sit higher all year and additionally show a more pronounced autumn rise, which is why season and age must enter together into the reading of a basal value.
HOHorse
Two assay methods differed by 38.6 pg/ml on average in autumn and by only 5.1 in spring; of 88 ponies sampled in both seasons, 56 were above 47 pg/ml in autumn, of which 39 were back below 29 pg/ml the following spring without treatment, which the authors attribute to an altered pituitary peptide pattern in autumn.
Compares affected and unaffected individuals retrospectively. Useful for rare events, sensitive to recall error.
HOHorse
In 106 horses tested monthly, a diagnostic threshold raised detection of affected animals from 0.61 to 0.87, whereas a reference interval raised the share of correctly classified healthy animals from 0.85 to 0.98: the choice of limit is a clinical decision about which error weighs more.
HOHorse
In twenty horses tested twice two weeks apart, the stimulation test was very well repeatable in winter, whereas in autumn the values were lower at the second appointment, the scatter within one horse was greater, and twice as many misclassifications occurred.
HOHorse
Among 115 post-mortem findings, complete tibial fractures were predominantly associated with a stress fracture arising early in the career; 68 per cent happened in training, 73 per cent in two- and three-year-old horses, and the affected animals had fewer starts and fewer training kilometres than the comparison horses.
HOHorse
In 16 horses that fell ill during an outbreak, hypoglycin A and its breakdown product in blood and urine were far above the values of unexposed horses, while the clinically healthy grazing companions from the same pastures lay in between at around 109 micrograms per litre: the burden is a gradient, not a switch.
Captures a state at one point in time. It tells you how common something is, not what came first.
HOHorse
In a laboratory database of 75,892 horses, differences from week to week stay small for most of the year and become material from mid-June to early December, with the maximum in late September and early October; the authors call for period-specific thresholds and a choice of limit governed by the less desirable error in the individual case.
HOHorse
Across ten breeds an annual rhythm emerges with a trough in April and a peak in September, Arabians and donkeys being raised mainly from May to November and Shetland and Welsh breeds only from July to November: breed and month must be judged together.
HOHorse
In 399 animals without signs of disease, ponies of other breeds sat 1.55 times and Shetland ponies 2.67 times higher than Thoroughbreds in autumn, while in spring there was no difference: the breed effect is seasonal, and autumn reference intervals must take breed into account.
HOHorse
Primary source of the limits of 29 pg/ml from November to July and 47 pg/ml from August to October: the annual variation exists in both groups, with the highest values from August to October, and ACTH remains usable all year provided the reference interval matching the period is used.
Describes a run of cases with no comparison group. It generates hypotheses and tests none.
HOHorse
With complete diaphyseal fractures, 3 of 10 adult horses survived against 10 of 11 foals, and the authors name age, a body weight above 320 kilograms, unstable fixation and infection as the decisive quantities behind failure.
HOHorse
In 26 racehorses the double arthrodesis prevented every subluxation of the pastern joint, yet 76.9 per cent had short-term complications and only half were usable at pasture without painkillers beyond six months; supporting-limb laminitis is among the complications named.
HOHorse
Spring seedlings, and not only autumn samaras, contained hypoglycin A, and one clinically healthy horse lay above the mean of the affected animals in blood: detection in the blood documents an intake, not an impending illness.
HOHorse
Of 189 reported British cases with a known outcome, 38.6 per cent survived; in the joint analysis only recumbency remained as an unfavourable sign, and the administration of vitamins went together with better survival on a purely observational basis.
A recommendation from a professional body or authority. It blends evidence and expert judgement, and the two can be told apart.
HOHorse
Overall accuracy of the basal ACTH value lies, depending on the probability before testing, between 88 and 92 per cent in autumn and between 70 and 86 per cent outside autumn; because thresholds allowing for every influence cannot be set workably, the guideline recommends grey zones, and it notes that ACTH is not an independent predictor of laminitis.
HOHorse
Updated consensus statement from an expert panel: it redefines the reference method for detecting the organism, places PCR and serology within outbreak management and highlights the role of carrier states in transmission, without collecting data of its own.
HOHorse
Consensus statement that revises the definition of the mild to moderate form after ten years of new literature and describes the understanding of the disease as markedly changed.
HOHorse
The consensus statement puts insulin dysregulation and not sugar at the centre of endocrine laminitis, puts the nutrient loss at 24 to 43 per cent for seven to sixteen hours of soaking, names under 10 per cent non-structural carbohydrate for the feed and advises no more than one to two hours in warm weather.
A controlled experiment outside clinical reality. It explains a mechanism; it does not establish an effect in a living body.
HOHorse
The CLIP fragment binds to the same capture antibody as ACTH, while a second related fragment does not, and endogenous CLIP was detected in the plasma of a pony sampled in autumn: the interference is established, its share of the measured rise is not quantified.
HOHorse
In fourteen horses and 132 samples spread across four laboratories, duplicate samples drawn at the same moment differed by about 19 pg/ml on average within one laboratory and by about 26 pg/ml between laboratories, and immediate centrifugation raised the value by 11.6 pg/ml on average.
HOHorse
The published thresholds hold almost exclusively for a single analyser; between two analysers from the same manufacturer the transfer was linear, whereas between manufacturers it was concentration-dependent and therefore possible only through a conversion of its own for each threshold.
HOHorse
Direct force measurement in seven ridden Thoroughbreds at gallop: the peak vertical force reached 14.0 newtons per kilogram on the non-leading foreleg, and the load was split roughly evenly between the forehand and the hindquarters rather than in the often quoted sixty-to-forty ratio.
A test on cells or tissue. The concentrations are rarely those of a living body: the distance to application is wide.
CECell model
In horse fibroblasts made immortal with human telomerase, E5 suppresses the major histocompatibility complex of class I on two levels, through the reading of the heavy chain and through retention in the Golgi apparatus, while E5 alone was not sufficient for immortalisation.
Work that fits none of the designs above, including methodological contributions and overviews.
HOHorse
Narrative review describing the process in two steps: first the missing alternation between loading and unloading disturbs perfusion of the lamellae, then the extra load tips the weakened tissue into acute laminitis; preserving load cycling counts for the authors as the central preventive measure.
HOHorse
Narrative review that ties the prognosis to the form of the break: complete tibial fractures in the adult horse offer few treatment routes and a comparatively high mortality, whereas stress fractures and minimally displaced incomplete fractures usually heal well without surgery.
HOHorse
No examined tree feature explained the hypoglycin A content of the seeds; what differed was the year, with neighbouring trees varying in step, the regional case count following the estimated seed production, and water in which seeds had lain still testing positive after 48 hours.
HOHorse
From the European surveillance data, 94 per cent of cases fall into two three-month windows from October and from March, and the authors state that any pasture with a sycamore nearby counts as at risk even if a case has never occurred there; the practical advice it contains is expert opinion, not measures that have been tested.
Once a month: new syntheses, checked studies, and what has changed in the state of the evidence.