Study database
Captures a state at one point in time. It tells you how common something is, not what came first.
HOHorse
In a laboratory database of 75,892 horses, differences from week to week stay small for most of the year and become material from mid-June to early December, with the maximum in late September and early October; the authors call for period-specific thresholds and a choice of limit governed by the less desirable error in the individual case.
HOHorse
Across ten breeds an annual rhythm emerges with a trough in April and a peak in September, Arabians and donkeys being raised mainly from May to November and Shetland and Welsh breeds only from July to November: breed and month must be judged together.
HOHorse
In 399 animals without signs of disease, ponies of other breeds sat 1.55 times and Shetland ponies 2.67 times higher than Thoroughbreds in autumn, while in spring there was no difference: the breed effect is seasonal, and autumn reference intervals must take breed into account.
HOHorse
Primary source of the limits of 29 pg/ml from November to July and 47 pg/ml from August to October: the annual variation exists in both groups, with the highest values from August to October, and ACTH remains usable all year provided the reference interval matching the period is used.
HOHorse
In 51 clinically healthy elderly horses only age was associated with radiographic changes of chronic laminitis, whereas an ACTH value above the seasonally adjusted reference range, body condition and the cresty neck score showed no association.
HOHorse
In a caseload of 65,327 horses only eleven cases were found over nine years, that is 0.02 per cent, occurring between four and a hundred days after the injury; the authors conclude above all that future risk factor studies will founder on the numbers available.
HOHorse
On two Swedish holdings with one affected horse each, 20 of the 22 clinically healthy grazing companions were positive in blood and, a month later after a change of pasture, still 9 of 20, while ten horses from unaffected holdings remained negative; the figures come from a congress volume without a full publication.
HOHorse
In 117 video sequences of 29 pastured horses, 19.1 per cent of the young cotyledon-stage plantlets were eaten compared with 5.46 per cent of the older, more phenol-rich seedlings; the link with phenol content is described by the authors themselves as no more than possible, and the avoidance remains incomplete.
HOHorse
In 10,262 Thoroughbreds the prevalence of forelimb flexor tendonitis was 11.1 per cent and hindlimb 0.06 per cent, with a markedly higher risk from the third year of life onwards.
HOHorse
In 166 apparently healthy adult horses and ponies from 86 holdings, examined three times at weekly intervals by nasopharyngeal lavage, the true carrier prevalence was estimated at 2.0 per cent on average, with an uncertainty range from 0.1 to 5.9 per cent.
HOHorse
From 511 British isolates from the years 2015 to 2022 a rapidly shifting population structure emerged, with nine groups of which two covered 82 per cent of the strains; the authors conclude from this that acutely ill and freshly recovered horses are likely to matter more for transmission than long-term carriers.
HOHorse
Among 287 horses at a quarantine facility, 9 were guttural pouch carriers, with no recognisable link between serology and carrier status: only one of the nine was seropositive on the stricter criterion and three on the more permissive one, which is why the authors warn against ruling out carriage by serology.
HOHorse
In the same 44 convalescents, 1 of 41 nasopharyngeal swabs, 6 of 38 nasopharyngeal lavages and 24 of 44 guttural pouch lavages were positive; the authors put the advantage of the guttural pouch lavage at a ratio of odds of 51 and recommend it as the sample of choice for the search for carriers.
HOHorse
In 57 horses from eight confirmed outbreaks, PCR run directly on the nasopharyngeal lavage found the most infected animals, 48 of 57, against at most 22 of 57 for biochemical identification after culture; three horses stayed negative on every sample, and the combination of lavage and swab captured over 90 per cent of the acute cases.
HOHorse
In a Colombian population of 137 horses from 15 holdings, not selected on disease history, streptococci could be cultured from the endoscopically sampled guttural pouch in 15 per cent of the animals, of which 13.5 per cent were the strangles organism; a change of location in the history was associated with detection, age negatively so.
HOHorse
Of 626 equids admitted between 2017 and 2021, 34 were flagged at entry screening, among them 24 positive on PCR for the strangles organism and two carrying chondroids despite negative PCR and culture; without a comparison yard the retrospective analysis permits no causal conclusion about the effect of the screening.
HOHorse
In 77 sick or injured working equids (47 horses, 17 donkeys, 13 mules) the serum amyloid A values of the mules lay clearly below those of the horses; the authors consider a weaker inflammatory response in mules possible, but cannot demonstrate it for want of healthy comparison animals.
HOHorse
In a herd kept at pasture all year round and with no respiratory history, the mild form stood at 60% in summer and 87% in winter, and 61.1% of the horses changed their cell profile between the seasons.
HOHorse
Among the 731 horses examined, the detection of fungal elements in the tracheal secretions was associated with roughly twice the frequency of airway inflammation, as were straw bedding and the feeding of dry hay.
MUMultiple species
Full description of the randomisation rose between 2009 and 2019 from 13.6 to 85.7 per cent and sample size calculation from 0 to 20 per cent, while blinding stayed at around 50 per cent; no item reached the target that had been set.
MUMultiple species
In 1,277 Swiss animal experiment applications, seven standard measures against bias were described at all in only 2.4 to 19 per cent of the applications, and in 0 to 34 per cent of the publications that came out of them.
HUHuman
Of 303 recommendations rated with GRADE, 131 were worded strongly, and 104 of those rested on low or very low certainty of the evidence.
HOHorse
In 89 per cent of 36 horses presented for laminitis, indications of a hormonal disorder were found, in one third of them pituitary dysfunction and in two thirds a raised fasting insulin without any coat change.
HOHorse
In the comparison of 588 veterinary diagnosed laminitis cases with 201 horses lame for another reason, bilateral forelimb lameness was the single strongest sign and the increased digital pulse the second strongest; the authors expressly describe their work as a first evidence base for assessing clinical signs of laminitis, not as a validated test.
HOHorse
All 51 suspicions of laminitis voiced by keepers were confirmed by the vet, yet 42 of the 93 cases had not been recognised as laminitis; warm hooves were reported more often by keepers, difficulty turning and weight shifting more often by vets.
HOHorse
With 25 ponies and 58 assessing vets the established severity scale reached only moderate agreement of one person with herself and substantial agreement between people; collapsing the grades into sound, mild and severe improved agreement markedly.
HOHorse
In 42 horses, blood flow in the lateral digital artery was markedly higher when the digital pulse was palpably increased, which supports the palpation finding physiologically; the authors see the Doppler measurement as a complementary method and not as a replacement for palpation.
HOHorse
In 38 horses with confirmed pituitary disease the owners reported laminitis in 37 per cent, while radiography showed it in 76 per cent; recognition rose with the severity of the insulin elevation.
HOHorse
Among 36 sound horses and 119 lame ones, navicular disease, inflammation of the hoof corium and tendon disease differed clearly from the sound animals, but laminitis did not; what was measured was the temperature difference between the left and the right forelimb, in which bilateral disease stays symmetrical.
HOHorse
Of 33 riding horses with no clinical back signs, only 7 were normal on radiography and scintigraphy and 11 had a space of more than four millimetres throughout; the range seen in horses without complaints is, according to the authors, so wide that findings within it cannot count as clinically meaningful in horses that are unwell.
HOHorse
Between 47 yearlings that had never been backed and 55 trained Thoroughbreds without perceived back pain, the frequency, number and score of the findings did not differ, while in the yearlings alone about a third of the spaces were already narrowed or in contact: the authors read this as a pointer towards a developmental origin.
HOHorse
In 100 jumping horses in active competition not one back was radiographically normal, and the highest career level reached was weakly but positively associated with narrowing and sclerosis: a result the authors read as a sign that mild findings do not necessarily impair performance.
HOHorse
Three assessors agreed well on individual parameters such as the width of the space, but only moderately on the total number of abnormalities per back, which is why the authors call for only reliably readable parameters to be used for grading in future.
HOHorse
In 582 horses presented for back pain or loss of performance there was a significant link between the radiographic grade and thoracolumbar pain, but limb lameness and sacroiliac joint pain can mimic primary back pain, which is why diagnostic analgesia remains indispensable.
HOHorse
In 223 Warmbloods the total grades on radiography and scintigraphy were higher in horses with thoracolumbar pain, while the semiquantitative uptake ratios did not differ and agreement between the scintigraphic methods and the radiographic finding was only slight.
HOHorse
Of 822 classifiable primary examinations, 23.6 per cent were critical, and pain score, heart rate, a capillary refill time over two and a half seconds, a weak pulse and absent gut sounds in at least one quadrant remained independently associated with that outcome.
HOHorse
Of 1,564 horse owners surveyed, only 45 per cent named the normal resting pulse correctly, and in case scenarios 49 per cent confidently identified a surgical case but only 9 per cent an impaction.
HOHorse
Among 510 horses examined post mortem, 17.3 per cent had changes to the cranial mesenteric artery and 6.1 per cent active larval arteritis, which was the cause of death or euthanasia in 1.5 per cent: the large strongyle is therefore not a historical problem.
HOHorse
Of 120 large colon impactions seen at the primary examination, 67.5 per cent showed only mild signs of pain, yet 9.2 per cent ended critically; heart rate and gut sounds separated simple from critical cases best.
HOHorse
Of 701 horse owners surveyed, most either had no intention of drawing up a colic emergency plan or were already following the recommendations; knowing the REACT campaign went with more frequent uptake of preventive recommendations.
HOHorse
Among 1,544 horse owners surveyed, 58 per cent did not know how quickly irreversible damage to the intestine can develop, and providing evidence-based information changed their decisions only to a limited extent.
HOHorse
In a survey of 350 Egyptian working horses, the twelve-month prevalence of colic was 54.6 per cent, and severe dental disease, stereotypies and certain feedstuffs were associated with a history of colic.
HOHorse
Among 217 colic cases in 256 Indonesian working horses examined, restricted daily access to water, absence of worming, parasite burden, poor nutritional condition and dental problems were associated with colic, though only in single comparisons without multivariable analysis.
HOHorse
At an overall crib-biting frequency of 4.4 per cent, 48.8 per cent of owners held the behaviour to be something horses copy, while only 1.0 per cent of horses began after contact with a crib-biter and the extent of contact with other horses was not linked to risk; the research group concludes that isolation causes unnecessary stress and that a genetic predisposition remains worth examining.
HOHorse
In 300 English yards with 8,427 horses, 67 to 79 per cent prevented the behaviour mechanically while only 35 to 43 per cent addressed the conditions that trigger it, and 30 to 48 per cent kept affected horses apart; the concern was performance, clinical consequences and market value.
HOHorse
Of 60 risk factors examined in 2,341 Swiss horses, three remained: adult warmbloods and Thoroughbreds described as reactive, four meals a day, and no daily turnout; the causal prevention derived from this, through bodily contact, free movement and plenty of forage, is expressly labelled by the authors as a hypothesis still to be tested.
HOHorse
In a representative Swiss survey of 2,536 horses, 16.5 per cent showed an abnormal behaviour and 3.5 per cent crib-biting, weaving or box-walking; the title is the translation indexed by PubMed, the work itself appeared in German and rests on the same survey as the risk factor analysis of 2003.
HOHorse
Of 367 crib-biting horses, 130, or 35.4 per cent, had at least one colic in the course of their lives, and linked to this were, among others, longer time stabled in autumn as well as a behaviour triggered by feed intake; a comparison group of non-crib-biting horses is missing.
HOHorse
In 173 horses on 35 holdings, strongyle eggs were found in 80.9 per cent and tapeworm eggs in 2.9 per cent of dung samples, while the serological test placed 21.4 per cent of the animals at or above the treatment threshold; the thresholds come from the manufacturer, which employs four co-authors.
HOHorse
In 529 samples from 106 holdings the prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris was 28 per cent of horses and 61 per cent of holdings, and 25 per cent among low-shedding horses; holdings treating on egg counts alone carried about a threefold higher risk than those with additional larval cultures or routine treatment.
HOHorse
In 183 Swiss Army horses selective worming was applied with a threshold of 200 eggs per gram; the riding horses shed on average 111 eggs per gram and the privately kept train horses 539, which leads the authors to see room for improvement in the care of the train horses.
HOHorse
In a survey of 339 affected horses, breeds, ages, management and feeding were broadly spread, 58 per cent of keepers reported fewer signs after switching from haylage to hay, and the authors conclude that the feeding strategy cannot on its own explain why the sign occurs.
HOHorse
In a telephone survey of 1,861 Swiss warmblood horses aged six to sixteen, keepers reported free faecal water in 9 per cent of the animals, behind lameness at 34, colic at 22 and back problems at 13 per cent.
HOHorse
In 201 Danish horses outside race training, judged healthy by their owners, the frequency of a lesion considered significant reached 53 per cent, with the most severe lesions usually sited at the margo plicatus.
HOHorse
In 80 Swedish Standardbreds in training, age, sex, performance, behaviour and feeding habits gave only weak pointers to which horses were affected; of the characteristics examined, only training status was clearly associated with squamous lesions.
HOHorse
In 211 Icelandic riding horses from 21 premises, body condition, behaviour in the box and the paddock, work intensity and age were not clearly associated with the ulcer score, unlike certain management characteristics; horses showing the signs usually attributed to the stomach did, however, more often have a significant glandular and a severe squamous change.
HOHorse
In 52 horses examined by gastroscopy, the type of clinical signs was associated with the site of the lesion, physical signs rather with squamous involvement, behavioural signs and mixed pictures rather with glandular or mixed involvement, while no link existed between the severity of the lesions and the clinical signs.
HOHorse
In 109 Thoroughbreds from eight training yards, management factors and clinical signs differed between the two forms: aggression towards people was inversely associated with the squamous lesion, stereotypies more often with it, and work on five or more days a week as well as performance below expectations went together with the glandular form.
HOHorse
In 60 riding horses whose owners considered them free of complaints, 73 per cent were lame on at least one limb, and the behaviour score under saddle was explained by lameness and the skill of the person riding; none of these horses underwent gastroscopy.
HOHorse
A validated facial expression scale did not separate, among 61 horses, the animals carrying gastric lesions from those without and did not rise with severity; the authors do not conclude that gastric lesions are painless, but that this instrument does not capture that pain.
HOHorse
In 16 affected horses with 32 limbs examined, the bacteriological results depended both on severity and on antimicrobial treatment already given, and beta-haemolytic streptococci as well as Trueperella pyogenes were found only on untreated limbs of severely affected horses.
HOHorse
Among 123 horses, 69 per cent of all treatment decisions were taken without veterinary advice, 62 per cent of the horses had had at least four episodes in their lives, and in nearly one third a practice was called in only when pain or lameness appeared, which according to the authors makes determining the cause harder.
HOHorse
144 of 156 Belgian draught horses, that is 92.31 per cent, were infested with Chorioptes bovis, while in 142 warmblood horses of the same country neither mite nor lymphoedema was found; the authors describe the mite as a possible contributing cause, not as the cause.
HOHorse
In 15 affected and 8 healthy horses, Dermatophilus congolensis was detected only in a single unfeathered horse and in no feathered horse, dermatophyte culture remained negative in all of them, while chorioptic mange frequently accompanied the picture in feathered horses.
HOHorse
In a nationwide Finnish rise from 2021 to 2022, about one third of the horses in each affected stable developed a pustular and vesicular pastern dermatitis; an equine parapoxvirus was determined as the probable trigger and the most important risk factor was the keeping of racehorses.
HOHorse
Of 138 environmental samples analysed from Finnish stables, 24 were positive for viral genetic material, and five of the six affected stables had at least one positive sample on grooming equipment, box fittings, bedding or the hands of the carers, while detection of genetic material does not evidence a virus able to multiply.
HOHorse
In 917 German draught horses the proportion of affected animals lay between 47.5 and 96.1 per cent depending on breed, all four limbs or both hindlimbs were most often affected, and breed, age, sex and limb position clearly influenced occurrence.
HOHorse
In 37 draught horses with a warty form there was no link between severity and sex, breed, work performed, coat care or Chorioptes infestation, but there was with age, hoof care status, cannon bone circumference, stable hygiene and the amounts of maize and oats fed.
HOHorse
Among 974 three-year-old Franches-Montagnes horses, 15.2 per cent showed clinical signs of pastern dermatitis, limbs with white markings were affected 2.6 times more often than pigmented ones, while coat colour was unrelated to the skin conditions.
HOHorse
In 493 Rhenish German draught horses, breeding region, sex and the interplay of age and sex weighed most heavily, while haylage and concentrate feed in winter went together with higher scores, grazing and clean bedding with lower ones, all as pure observation without intervention.
HOHorse
In 48 horses, bacterial diversity and composition in the faeces differed markedly by season and between racehorses and grazing animals, while the anaerobic fungal communities remained comparatively stable across changes of forage and season.
HOHorse
Genetic material of leptospires was found in 30.3 per cent of 66 diseased eyes and in none of the 50 healthy comparison eyes; aqueous and vitreous humour from the same eye agreed only weakly, which is why the authors recommend testing both fluids where possible.
HOHorse
In an independent German series, 57.5 per cent of the diseased horses had antibodies in blood and 35.1 per cent in the vitreous humour, while culture succeeded in only 16 per cent of the eyes examined; 10 of 20 control horses were seropositive, without a single positive culture.
HOHorse
Of 124 clinically healthy horses, 82 per cent reacted to at least one of six serovars tested, with the proportion rising with age; only the serovar Pomona occurred more often among the clinical submissions, which the authors expressly call a correlation.
HOHorse
In 138 Icelandic horses the frequency of recurrent uveitis from eight years of age was 8 per cent, five of the six affected animals had the insidious form, and leptospiral serology was linked to the disease neither in Denmark nor in the United States, though on only six cases.
HUHuman
Of 3,658 cases of uveitis assigned clinically to leptospirosis in humans, only 34.7 per cent were positive in the blood test, and the detection rate fell over the years from 92 to 35 per cent; the paper serves here solely as evidence that a negative antibody test does not rule out involvement, and permits no transfer to the horse.
HOHorse
Among 145 Appaloosas examined, 14 per cent had a confirmed recurrent uveitis; homozygous carriers of the leopard allele showed roughly 19 times the odds of horses without the allele, the risk rose with age, and a single affected stallion was the sire or grandsire of nine further affected animals.
HOHorse
In 116 Knabstruppers the frequency of insidious uveitis was 20.7 per cent, homozygous carriers and older horses were affected more often, and the cases were more closely related to one another than the comparison horses; the authors recommend genotyping for assessing risk, not as a diagnostic test, and the uncertainty range of the main result is open at the upper end.
HOHorse
Descriptive survey of 750 competition horses in Ireland, England and Belgium: 44 per cent left no finger of space and only about 7 per cent reached two fingers, with the authors stating expressly that data on the short- and long-term consequences are lacking and that they therefore demonstrate no harm.
HOHorse
With the official gauge, 236 of 238 dressage combinations were compliant, so that the missing spread made any link with behaviour impossible to test; what did explain the findings was the level of the class, and horses in a double bridle showed proportionally more conflict behaviour.
HOHorse
Shortly after a two-finger requirement was introduced, only 59 per cent of riders met it, and the belief that the rule serves welfare ranged from 38 to 89 per cent depending on the group, which is why the authors call for objective and transparent checking rather than a rule alone.
HOHorse
In a survey with 3,040 responses, 62.1 per cent checked the fit on the bridge of the nose, 21.5 per cent under the chin and 10.4 per cent at the side, and 18.6 per cent reported at least one abnormality, most often bald patches under the strap; all the information is self-reported.
HOHorse
Of 551 horses measured at 32 Canadian competitions, 71 per cent reached the value for two fingers and a further 19 per cent the value for one, while only 51.5 per cent of those asked regarded the bridge of the nose as the correct site, which is why the authors call for education first.
HOHorse
In 3,143 combinations examined after competition, a looser fitting went together with fewer findings in the mouth, but the complete absence of a noseband went with a more than twice as high risk of lesions at the corners of the mouth, which occurred overall in 9.2 per cent of the horses.
HOHorse
In 144 riding horses, 37.5 per cent showed radiographic changes of the nasal bones, but the authors state expressly that their work demonstrates no causal link with any item of equipment; palpation moreover found far more bony deposits than the radiographs did.
HOHorse
In 1,749 responses from Nordic stables a sleep disorder was suspected in 5.0 per cent of horses; most strongly linked to it were behavioural observations that trigger the suspicion themselves, and, as the only environmental feature, a hard and wet or hard and dry lying surface.
HOHorse
In 83 horses with automatic sensors, neither age nor orthopaedically caused lameness meaningfully influenced lying time, whereas a group of eight horses with signs of REM sleep deficiency stood out through an almost absent lying time.
HOHorse
In Warmbloods and Arabians no P locus was linked to the histopathological diagnosis of PSSM2 or myofibrillar myopathy, sensitivity stayed below 0.33 for all tests, all P variants were already present in domestic horse genetic material between 400 and 5,500 years old and P2 also in the Przewalski's horse, which is why the authors advise against use for breeding, pre-purchase examination and diagnosis.
HOHorse
In 229 healthy and 163 affected Quarter Horses, 57 and 61 per cent respectively carried at least one P variant, discrimination reached 0.67, use of the test would misclassify 57 per cent of the healthy and miss 40 per cent of the histologically affected, and P3a and P3b are not independent of one another.
HOHorse
In 605 fully sequenced horses from 48 breeds around 33 million variants were found, on average 730 per horse computationally predicted to be harmful, and for fewer than 20 per cent of the suspected inherited diseases of the horse is the causal variant known.
HOHorse
From 3,615 biopsy submissions: Warmbloods with PSSM2 showed mainly stiffness and gait abnormalities with muscle enzymes and glycogen content within the reference range, while Warmbloods with PSSM1 showed mainly muscle breakdown; gait abnormalities were also common in Warmbloods without PSSM.
HOHorse
Mean muscle glycogen content did not differ between 36 Warmbloods with PSSM2 and 23 Warmbloods without recognisable myopathy, while in the retrospective owner survey 80 per cent reported an improvement on a change of feed and 53 per cent of the horses still failed to progress as expected.
HOHorse
Founding study in 831 horses from 36 breeds diagnosed on a muscle section: the GYS1 variant was found in 17 breeds and was present in 87 per cent of the marked cases among draught breeds but in only 18 per cent of Warmbloods; its absence in diagnosed horses was explained by the authors as false positive histology or as a possible second storage disease.
HOHorse
The predisposition to PSSM1 was present, depending on breed, in 0.5 to 62.4 per cent of the horses examined and was demonstrated in eleven breeds, while it was not found in several other breeds examined, the authors stressing that a failure to detect is not proof of absence.
HOHorse
In a Swiss Warmblood family with one affected stallion and 71 descendants, 39 per cent showed signs of exercise related muscle breakdown, 51 per cent carried the GYS1 variant and carriers were at roughly seven times the risk, although not every carrier showed signs.
HOHorse
Computational clustering of 109 muscle samples yielded two broad clinical pictures, which a blinded histopathological examination in 69 horses could not subdivide any further, and features of other equine myopathies were found in neither subtype.
HOHorse
Across more than 1,100 limb regions examined, 98 per cent of the yearlings had vascular channels in the sesamoid bones and 79 per cent irregular or wide channels, while the findings regarded as worrying mostly lay below five per cent: changes are the norm, and the genuinely suspicious ones are too rare for their importance to be established easily.
HOHorse
In 133 pre-purchase certificates, 57.1 per cent of the horses carried a prejudicial finding, 68.5 per cent under a five-stage examination against 34.1 per cent under a two-stage one; the commonest reason was lameness rather than the radiograph, and more expensive horses were examined in detail more often.
HOHorse
Among 13,603 Thoroughbreds examined before auction, 73.6 per cent had abnormalities but only 12.0 per cent abnormalities classed as prejudicial; the sales rate was 38.1 per cent with such a note against 77.6 per cent without, so the paper measures the market effect and not later health.
HOHorse
Three experienced surgeons reached consensus across 30 image series for 97.1 per cent of the sites assessed, a rate that covers overwhelmingly unremarkable sites; the authors' own conclusion is narrower, namely reliable agreement on the absence of a lesion and disagreement on the risk grading of common findings, most strongly at the hock.
HOHorse
In 60 navicular bones from post-mortem examinations, mean agreement between three assessors was poor on radiographs as on cross-sectional images, and agreement of one person with themselves only moderate; cross-sectional imaging raised the confidence expressed without improving agreement, which leads the authors to question the diagnostic and prognostic use of such gradings.
HOHorse
In 31 showjumpers competing regularly, 53 of 62 limbs showed increased density at the sagittal ridge and the condyles on cross-sectional imaging, which the authors interpret as adaptation to loading, whereas the bone resorption found beneath the cartilage was visible on no radiograph and its clinical meaning remains open.
HOHorse
Of 811 randomly drawn warmblood yearlings, 60.7 per cent had entirely normal contours at the stifle, 68.6 per cent at the hock and 64.6 per cent at the fetlocks, but only 30.5 per cent across all joints together; flattened contours and fragments are statistically two different phenomena and should be assessed separately.
HOHorse
211 veterinary surgeons surveyed graded the same image series on a four-point scale: concern rose with the extent of the change but stayed widely spread at every step, and the direction of the difference depended on the region, with more concern about the navicular bone and less about the hock among specialists.
HOHorse
In 93 sarcoids, droplet PCR found type 1 in 83 lesions and type 2 additionally in 66, plus six triple and one quadruple infection; whether a double infection goes with a more severe and more treatment-resistant course, the authors consider possible and call for further study.
HOHorse
In 58 semen samples from clinically healthy stallions, droplet PCR found 34 positive samples against only five with conventional quantitative PCR, with the first detection of type 14 in the horse; detecting genetic material demonstrates neither infectious virus nor a route at covering.
HOHorse
In 42 horses, viral genetic material was found in healthy skin in 57 per cent, with 73 per cent in affected animals and those in contact with cattle, 50 per cent in contact animals and 30 per cent in control horses, while nothing was detected in blood: the authors conclude on a widely distributed latent infection.
HOHorse
In 44 privately kept horses in Switzerland and with six trained assessors, the first broadly validated severity score for this disease was tested; the keepers' visual judgement matched the clinical score only moderately, while the keepers agreed strongly among themselves.
HOHorse
In a survey of 3,409 sport horses the frequency was 10 per cent over the lifetime and 6.2 per cent at the time of the survey, clearly below the often quoted maximum of 60 per cent, with the heritability of susceptibility estimated as high.
SPSpecies-independent
Across three time windows the share of poorly reported studies fell from 46.05 to 26.06 and then 9.55 per cent, yet none of the 943 studies reported all 38 sub-items, and the share of ‘excellent’ quality stood at 0, 0 and finally 0.25 per cent; mandatory requirements in the instructions to authors went together with better reporting quality.
Once a month: new syntheses, checked studies, and what has changed in the state of the evidence.