Study database
Compares affected and unaffected individuals retrospectively. Useful for rare events, sensitive to recall error.
HOHorse
In 106 horses tested monthly, a diagnostic threshold raised detection of affected animals from 0.61 to 0.87, whereas a reference interval raised the share of correctly classified healthy animals from 0.85 to 0.98: the choice of limit is a clinical decision about which error weighs more.
HOHorse
In twenty horses tested twice two weeks apart, the stimulation test was very well repeatable in winter, whereas in autumn the values were lower at the second appointment, the scatter within one horse was greater, and twice as many misclassifications occurred.
HOHorse
Among 115 post-mortem findings, complete tibial fractures were predominantly associated with a stress fracture arising early in the career; 68 per cent happened in training, 73 per cent in two- and three-year-old horses, and the affected animals had fewer starts and fewer training kilometres than the comparison horses.
HOHorse
In 16 horses that fell ill during an outbreak, hypoglycin A and its breakdown product in blood and urine were far above the values of unexposed horses, while the clinically healthy grazing companions from the same pastures lay in between at around 109 micrograms per litre: the burden is a gradient, not a switch.
HOHorse
In the largest analysis so far, with 263 horses, the acylcarnitine pattern separated ill horses from comparison horses and from colic horses, while the apparently healthy grazing companions lay in between: a subclinical form is thereby documented, and a single acylcarnitine served at the same time as an indication of survival.
HOHorse
On six Swiss holdings with cases of disease and two comparison holdings, every sycamore seed sample contained hypoglycin A, with an enormous spread and a mean content that was higher on the holdings without cases; a statistical comparison of the means is not reported.
HOHorse
In 278 samples hypoglycin A was not detectable in Norway maple or field maple, but was present in almost all sycamore samples; seeds from pastures with a case carried a higher load on average, yet the spread rules out any prediction for an individual horse, according to the authors.
HOHorse
Of 600 cases reported across Europe, 354 were classified as atypical myopathy, and 26 per cent survived; the pasture features and clinical signs named are associations from a reporting network, collected before hypoglycin A was recognised as the cause in Europe.
HOHorse
The blood protein pattern of 26 affected horses differed from that of exposed but healthy grazing companions and pointed to inflammation, oxidative stress and a fat metabolism compensated by increased sugar burning; measurement took place only after the disease had broken out.
HOHorse
The North American seasonal pasture myopathy is linked to hypoglycin A from box elder seeds, yet seeds also lay on 61 per cent of the comparison pastures without cases: what separated the groups was longer grazing times, closely grazed pastures and less supplementary feeding.
HUHuman
In 25 tendinopathic versus 10 healthy Achilles tendons, a substantial share of the collagen had been renewed in adulthood; the modelling points to years of raised turnover before symptom onset.
HOHorse
In 108 strangles cases set against 215 febrile comparison horses, 12 of the 25 horses classed as carriers, that is animals infected for longer than forty days, showed no clinical signs whatever; the definition of carriage rests here on the duration recorded in the case file, not on an endoscopically confirmed guttural pouch finding.
HOHorse
With 191 cases and 819 comparison horses, the summer and winter months were linked to raised risk relative to spring, as were recent weight gain, new access to grazing, box rest, previous laminitis, sensitivity after shoeing or trimming and a known hormonal disease.
HOHorse
In 14 laminitic horses with raised insulin and 25 comparison animals, the severity of the tissue changes bore no relation to the reported duration of illness and must at least in part have preceded it, which the authors read as a pointer to repeated unnoticed episodes.
HOHorse
The authors' starting assumption was refuted by their own data: the lamellae of the ten animals with pituitary disease but no laminitis were normal, and all six laminitic animals had raised insulin, so that the insulin situation alone appears to go with the tissue change.
HOHorse
In 102 trotters with and 16 without signs of back pain, the lesions in the horses without complaints were less severe and more localised, but for simple contact between the spinous processes the number of affected horses did not differ significantly between the groups.
HOHorse
Crib-biting, increasing hours stabled, a recent change to the exercise programme, no ivermectin or moxidectin treatment in the previous year and transport in the last 24 hours were associated with simple colonic obstruction, most strongly permanent stabling, crib-biting and transport.
HOHorse
Among 109 cases and 310 comparison horses, crib-biting was by far the strongest factor for entrapment in the epiploic foramen, followed by a colic in the previous year and greater height, although the estimates carry wide ranges of uncertainty.
HOHorse
The British parallel study with 77 cases and 216 comparison horses confirmed crib-biting as the strongest factor and additionally found a colic in the previous year, more time stabled in the preceding 28 days and greater height to raise the risk.
HOHorse
Among 55 cases and 167 comparison horses, age, certain breeds, a previous bout of laminitis and more time stabled in the four weeks beforehand raised the risk of strangulation by a pedunculated lipoma, while weight management went with it less often.
HOHorse
With 67 horses in each group, detection of tapeworm eggs in the droppings went with an around sixteen-fold higher odds of colic, while no association could be shown using antibody testing in blood.
HOHorse
In 620 mostly adult hospital horses there was no relationship between tapeworm or large strongyle antibodies and colic status; horses wormed in the preceding week did, however, have an around 2.4-fold higher odds of colic signs than horses treated at least eight weeks earlier.
HOHorse
In 78 surgically confirmed ileal impactions against 100 other colic cases, feeding coastal Bermuda hay and the absence of pyrantel treatment within three months were each associated with an around three-fold raised risk.
HOHorse
19 crib-biting and 18 non-crib-biting horses did not differ in reactivity towards people, in social behaviour, in locomotor activity or in curiosity, only sensitivity to touch being raised in the crib-biters; the authors do not derive a consistently different personality profile from this.
HOHorse
At two university clinics, 13 of 19 and 24 of 49 affected horses respectively had a history of crib-biting against 2 of 34 and 72 of 687 comparison horses, the estimated magnitudes differing between the two sites by more than fourfold; the authors state the link expressly as a possibility.
HOHorse
In an analysis nested within a cohort, with 59 recurrences and 177 comparison horses, crib-biting went with an around tenfold and weaving with a not quite fourfold raised chance of a further colic, while more time at grass was only very weakly protective.
HOHorse
In 16 affected horses and 15 comparison horses kept in the same stable, sampled in spring and in autumn, differences in the bacterial microbiome remained limited regardless of season, and the role of the microbiome in how the sign arises remains open according to the authors.
HOHorse
Across 50 pairs and three sampling periods the bacterial composition of the droppings was similar between affected and unaffected horses, with a marked effect of timing, and the authors state that the clinical relevance of the 14 differentially abundant genera has yet to be demonstrated.
HOHorse
Ten affected horses did not differ in faecal microbiome from ten comparison horses, and after a transfer of gut flora severity fell temporarily up to day 168 without the microbiome changing; the authors call for studies with control groups.
HOHorse
In 14 affected and 11 healthy horses from the same yards no meaningful difference in faecal flora was found, which in the authors' view argues against a link between dysbiosis and free faecal water; they also record that the three earlier European studies contradicted one another.
HOHorse
In 32 affected and 51 unaffected horses the structure of the bacterial community differed, with enrichment of Alloprevotella among others in the affected horses; the authors themselves call the effect sizes modest and ask for larger numbers.
HOHorse
In 50 pairs matched by yard, affected horses received the same amount of haylage and the same management, but twice as much concentrate per 100 kilograms as well as more starch and less fibre; the authors call these differences small and present them as starting points for further study.
HOHorse
Short-chain fatty acids, pH and osmolality were similar between affected and unaffected horses, pointing to fermentation that runs much the same way; lower lactic acid and water-holding capacity appeared only in the Scandinavian sub-study, while in the German sub-study of 32 pairs no measure deviated.
HOHorse
In 74 colic horses and 74 comparison horses the dry matter, particle size distribution and sand score of the droppings were similar, which calls the value of the sand test in this population into question; the work studies colic and not free faecal water.
HOHorse
In 80 competition dressage horses referred for investigation, 55 of which carried a lesion, the frequency of owner-reported signs did not differ between cases and comparison horses free of findings on gastroscopy, and in the 19 horses re-checked the disappearance of the signs did not predict healing of the mucosa.
HOHorse
In 80 horses each with one affected and one healthy pastern, bacterial diversity was lower on the affected side and the composition was shifted more strongly the more severe the lesions were, while the authors expressly describe the role of the bacteria in the development of the condition as unresolved.
HOHorse
In 105 affected and 95 healthy horses, Staphylococcus aureus was detectable on 59.0 per cent of the affected pasterns against 6.3 per cent of the healthy ones, eight isolates were methicillin-resistant, and the authors phrase a contribution to the development of the condition expressly only as a supposition.
HOHorse
In 23 cases and 46 comparison horses, proximity to a pig unit and a recent flooding of the pasture were linked to a first uveitis episode, long ownership to a lower risk; 59.1 per cent of the cases remained free of relapse, 18.2 per cent suffered a relapse, and no biological samples were taken.
HOHorse
In 1,387 eyes with recurrent uveitis, 83 per cent of the samples were positive in the agglutination test and in the ELISA and 72 per cent in the detection of genetic material, while in 216 healthy eyes and 237 eyes with a different uveitis no antibody detection succeeded; the authors stress that several tests must be combined.
HOHorse
In the United Kingdom only 2 of 30 diseased eyes showed a clear indication of infection within the eye, and seropositivity did not differ dependably between diseased and healthy horses, which is why the authors rate the leptospire-associated form as rare there and call blood serology unsuitable for diagnosis.
HOHorse
In 59 diseased and 83 healthy Appaloosas the heritability of insidious uveitis was estimated at 0.68 to 1.0, of which the leopard complex locus explains only 0.16 to 0.33; estimates above 1 show the instability of the model and counsel caution about the exact figure.
HOHorse
In 144 German warmblood horses without leopard complex spotting a risk signal lies beside the genes for interleukin 17A and 17F and explains a considerable share of the spread of the trait, while a second signal concerns a group of crystallin genes; the authors speak of an indication of a genetic component, not of proof, and give a frequency of 3 to 15 per cent for the horse population.
HOHorse
In Appaloosas two separate regions are linked to insidious uveitis, that of the leopard complex gene TRPM1 and that of the equine major histocompatibility complex, which connects the disease to immune-mediated conditions; no causal difference in the genome was found.
HOHorse
A second risk region on the X chromosome is added to leopard complex spotting, without the model supporting a joint action of the two; none of the 102 genomic differences tested by whole genome sequencing proved decisive, and the authors call for independent repetition before anyone speaks of a causal risk locus.
HOHorse
With only eleven diseased Icelandic horses a single signal in an intron of the gene TIMP2 reaches the genome-wide threshold, yet the one coding difference found does not fit the clinical picture; the paper describes itself expressly as exploratory and calls for more horses and more markers.
HOHorse
None of the 426 variants found in 16 candidate genes, including the two coding variants offered commercially as a myofibrillar myopathy test, was linked to the picture seen in Warmbloods, and the force of individual muscle fibres did not differ either.
HOHorse
PSSM2 in the Quarter Horse is a genuine glycogen storage disease distinguishable from PSSM1, yet none of the 29 striking variants in twelve known glycogen storage disease genes occurred exclusively in the affected horses, while 17 of 30 horses with a pedigree traced back within four generations to one of three stallions.
HOHorse
In ten affected Warmbloods compared with eight comparison horses the muscle damage score was markedly higher, with ectopic desmin accumulations in up to 120 type 2a fibres and unremarkable glycogen content, and the same accumulations were found in one mare line across three generations.
HOHorse
In Arabians with exercise related muscle breakdown, central cell nuclei and desmin accumulations were markedly more frequent than in comparison horses, and the authors concluded that glycogen gathering in disordered myofibrils had created the false impression of a storage disease; 15 of 25 archive samples had previously been classed as PSSM2.
HOHorse
An example of a fully documented chain: genome wide search in 36 affected horses and 54 matched comparison horses, whole genome sequencing, confirmation in a further 35 affected and a further 22 comparison horses, and absence of the variant in 175 horses from 21 unrelated breeds; what is documented is increased susceptibility, not a prediction of disease.
HOHorse
In 82 affected and 270 unaffected horses, only two of six striking regions survived the follow-up analysis, one of them in a non-coding section of a gene of the major histocompatibility complex class II; the authors set the finding beside known links in humans and rabbits.
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